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HOMOPTERA [Latest Classification]
HOMOPTERA = Photos-1 Homoptera are sometimes
considered as a suborder of order Hemiptera; morphological studies and DNA
analyses indicate that the order is paraphyletic. It is split into the
suborders Sternorrhyncha, Auchenorrhyncha, and Coleorrhyncha, although there
is some doubt about the validity of Auchenorrhyncha. Included are aphids,
leafhoppers, cicadas, etc. They have sucking mouthparts. Homoptera may be either winged or wingless and they all
have sucking mouthparts. Winged species hold their membranous wings roof-like
over the body. Included are the
cicadas and leafhoppers. Aphids are small insects that bear a pair of
projections called cornicles on the 5th or 6th abdominal segment. Scale
insects are apterous and live on plant branches, roots and leaves. They have slow movements if any after
beginning to feed. Their body is covered with a hard or waxy substance.
Mealybugs are usually apterous; white or gray in color; covered with a waxy
secretion. Their movements are
extremely slow. All Homoptera phytophagous, their being no predatory
species known. The mouthparts are in
the form of a beak designed for piercing and sucking that arises from the
back part of the head. Leafhoppers and aphids appear in different shapes and
sizes. Some species in this order give birth to living young. Metamorphosis is gradual but can be modified as in the
whiteflies. The
size of these insects ranges from microscopic to about 2 cm. = = = = = = = = = = References: Please refer to <biology.ref.htm>, [Additional references
may be found at: MELVYL
Library] Bland,
R. G. and H. E. Jaques. 1978. How to
Know the Insects, 3rd ed. Dubuque, Iowa: Wm. C. Brown Co. 409 p. Borror,
D. J. and R. E. White. 1970. A Field
Guide to the Insects. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. Borror,
D. J., C. A. Triplehorn, and N. F. Johnson. 1989. An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 6th ed. Philadelphia:
Saunders College Publishing. 875 p. Daly,
H. V., J. T. Doyen, and A. H. Purcell III. 1998. Introduction to Insect Biology
and Diversity, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press. 680 p. Dudley, R. 2002. The biomechanics of insect flight: Form,
function, evolution. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 184.
von Dohlen, C.D. and Moran, N.A. 1995. "Molecular phylogeny of the
Homoptera: a paraphyletic taxon", Journal of Molecular Evolution.
August 41(2): 211–223. |